Study on downward flame spread over extruded polystyrene foam in a vertical channel: Influence of opening area

Experimental methods and theoretical analysis are employed to investigate effects of channel opening area on downward flame spread characteristics of extruded polystyrene (XPS) thermal insulation materials on building facade. The average flame height first drops and then rises as dimensionless opening area (the ratio of sidewall opening area to sidewall area, ie, S^*) increases. As S^* rises, both the average and maximum temperature of the curtain wall decrease, and the decreasing of the average temperature is linear. XPS surface temperature history can be divided into four stages, ie, inapparent rising stage (preheating), significant rising stage (melting), dropping stage (pyrolysis), and rerising stage (ignition). The preheating length first rises and then drops as S^* increases. The XPS flame spreads steadily at the early period while acceleration occurs at the later period. For different opening areas, the difference in spread distance history is not apparent in the early stage while this difference is significant in the later stage. The flame spread rate (V_f) first increases and then decreases as S^* rises. A downward flame spread model for XPS in vertical channel with openings is built. The varied trend of V_f predicted using this model corresponds to the experimental result.     

Crystallization Mechanisms and Rates of Cyclopentane Hydrates Formation in Brine

Clathrate hydrates most often grow at the interface between liquid water and another fluid phase (hydrocarbon) acting as a provider for the hydrate guest molecules, and some transfer through this shell is required for the hydrate growth to proceed, thus self‐limiting the reaction rate. An optical microscope and a horizontal reaction cell are utilized to capture the shell growth phenomenology and to estimate the hydrate layer growth rates from sequential pictures. Cyclopentane (CP) is chosen as the hydrate‐forming molecule to obtain hydrates at low pressure. Experimental hydrate layer growth rates are provided for the CP+brine system, using various combinations of salts and degrees of subcooling.     

吸收烟气中低浓度CO2的操作条件分析

Mg(OH)2浆液是一种具备低再生能耗潜力的CO2吸收剂，为了推进其在CO2捕集领域的应用而展开研究。在填料塔中，使用真实烟气研究了各种操作条件下Mg(OH)2浆液对CO2的捕集效率。研究发现,填料种类、气体名义停留时间、液气比均对CO2捕集效率有影响。结果表明，增加气体名义停留时间无法有效改善液相传质，而提高液气比能够有效改善液相传质；在试验条件下，拉西环、鲍尔环和IMTP的总体积传质系数分别为8.5×10-7～5.0×10-6、1.8×10-6～4.0×10-6和1.9×10-7～2.9×10-6 mol/(m3·s·Pa)。     

Diversity of Biogas Plant Realizations

A techno‐economic analysis for four different types of biogas plant realizations was performed, including one biogas biorefinery concept. For each concept detail, a process flow diagram was created. Mass and energy balances were estimated. The net present value and payback were calculated for each concept for a better feasibility understanding. The results showed that with the used expensive substrate, namely, wheat straw, the obtained paybacks appeared to be more than 100 years. Sensitivity analysis was done for the price range of a substrate. Critical factors were defined to improve feasibility.     

钛/铝异种金属冷金属过渡增材制造

采用TC4和ER2319焊丝直流/变极性冷金属过渡实现异种金属电弧增材制造，通过金相显微镜、扫描电镜、透射电镜、能谱、硬度试验、纳米压痕以及拉伸试验等方法对钛/铝构件界面组织特征与力学性能进行分析.结果表明，在钛合金表面堆积铝合金时，只有少量的钛合金熔化，钛原子扩散到液态铝合金中，形成不同长度的TiAl₃金属间化合物.10 μm左右的反应层在钛/铝界面形成.邻近钛侧的反应层均匀连续，靠近铝合金一侧的反应层呈现长条状或块状.界面反应层的显微硬度介于钛合金和铝合金显微硬度之间.构件的最高抗拉强度为111 MPa.     

Mathematical model for coal conversion in supercritical water: reacting multiphase flow with conjugate heat transfer

Providing heat for supercritical water gasification (SCWG) of coal by coupling subsequent products oxidation in integrated supercritical water reactor (ISWR) provides an effective method for directional control of temperature field and avoids excessive hot spots caused by uniform heating. An exploratory numerical model incorporating particle-fluid flow dynamics, multispecies transport and thermal coupling between endothermic coal gasification and exothermic product oxidation was established to simulate the reacting multiphase flow process of coal conversion in a novel lab-scale ISWR. An eleven-lump kinetic model was proposed for the prediction of chemical reactions. And the thermal coupling relationship was described by conjugate heat transfer boundary conditions (BC). Detailed physical and chemical field distribution in ISWR were analyzed and influence factors were discussed. The results showed that oxidation of gas products as inner heat source could promote the gasification reaction with only slight or even little maximum temperature increase of the pressure-bearing wall. Coal feeding rate and oxygen supply method significantly affected the field distribution. The multi-injection compressed-air supply method provided a more uniform temperature field but would reduce heat transfer temperature difference. The carbon gasification efficiency (CGE) in the gasification zone could easily reach up to 97% under mild conditions (less than 650 °C).     

气瓶内部淬火过程的流动换热特性

 大直径厚壁气瓶内部淬火时的流动换热过程极其复杂，受到多种因素的影响，而研究气瓶内部压强和温度的变化规律对改善流动换热效果、提高产品组织性能具有重要的理论指导意义。以914 mm厚壁气瓶和瓶内流体为研究对象，建立了二维等效流 固耦合模型；采用多喷嘴系统对气瓶内外进行喷水淬火，研究了气瓶总长、喷水流速及淬火时间对瓶内压强及内壁温度的影响，通过间歇淬火试验验证了数学模型的正确性。结果发现，气瓶长度对瓶内压强和瓶壁温度的影响显著，喷水流速次之，当喷水流速大于8 m/s后，水量对瓶壁的冷却效果大大降低；气瓶内壁长度方向的温度梯度分别随气瓶总长的增加和淬火时间的延长而减小，但基本不受喷水量的影响。     

高温深井通风降温技术的适用条件研究

随着矿山开采深度的不断增加，“三高一扰动”恶劣开采环境问题日益突出，给矿井通风降温工作带来极大困难。对于深井矿山，仅采用通风降温难以满足深部开采的需要，系统研究高温深井矿山通风降温技术的适用性问题，对矿山深部开采具有重要的理论意义和工程适用价值。首先从热力学角度，揭示风流在通风线路中的热交换规律；其次利用差分法原理计算深井筒风流温度，并依此推导出巷道和回采工作面风流温度变化趋势；然后结合采场安全生产允许温度进行反推，最终获取通风降温条件下的可采极限深度计算公式，并选取广西铜坑矿锌多金属矿体作为工程应用试验区进行论证分析。结果表明：基于风流的热交换模型可以推导出风流在井筒、巷道及工作面的温度计算公式，该公式与低温梯度、风流流经路径长度有关；假定工作面温度达到安全开采允许最高温度，可反推出该条件下矿山可采极限深度和巷道通风极限长度（仅采用通风降温措施时）；基于铜坑矿区锌多金属矿的实际条件，代入相关数据，验证计算所得极限开采深度符合实际，即所推导公式是可行的。